How a Bill Becomes Law Essay - 1153 Words

It seems the Founders wanted to make the passage of legislation difficult. The Constitution settles how bills become law in the United States. The procedure is operose and can take significant time to complete. The course materials of week three offer more than enough information on how the procedure works. This essay will, mainly, use the course materials to describe the process of how a bill becomes a law. The process of transforming a bill into a law requires the participation of both the Legislative branch and Executive branch of government. Before there is a law, there is a bill – and bills have many phases to pass through before these may become laws. The course materials of week three point out that a bill can originate†¦show more content†¦Thus, Members of the House may only speak on a bill in the time mandated by the House Rules Committee vis-à  -vis their judgments for that particular bill. It is also possible for the House to meet as the Committee of the Whole, which has more streamlined debating rules – though the Committee of the Whole cannot pass a bill. The Senate debate rules differ with the debate rules of the House of Representatives, as Senators have an unlimited time to debate bills – this lack of limit allows a filibuster to occur. The course materials state, â€Å"Debate can be closed by unanimous consent, or by invoking ‘cloture,’ which requires a three-fifths majority (at least 60 votes) of the entire Senate† (Unit 3 the Congress, 10). Once a bil l passes through the House of Representatives, or the Senate, it must pass through the other chamber of Congress before it becomes law. Various actions can occur once a bill passes through the first house and awaits approval by the second. The course materials point out that if one chamber passes the bill the other may: pass the bill as it stands, send the bill to a committee, reject the bill, or ignore the bill (Unit 3 the Congress, 11). If referred to a committee, that committee would: examine the bill, change the bill, or both. If rejected, the rejecting chamber will apprise the other chamber of its act. If ignored, the ignoring chamber would press forward with its work on that chamber’s particular version of the bill.Show MoreRelatedHow A Bill Becomes A Law1125 Words   |  5 PagesA president of our United States once claimed that â€Å"Can’t living with a bill means it won’t become law† (AZ Quotes). However, is George W. Bush right? Will a â€Å"bad† law ever get passed. Well, to answer that question, you need to know how a bill becomes a law. It is pretty widely known that there are three branches of the United States Government. It has been this way since the US Constitution created our national government over 200 years ago. With these multiple branches to speak of there must beRead MoreHow a Bill Becomes a Law1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe road a bill takes to becoming a law is a long and tedious process. First, the proposed bill goes through the House of representatives. Once the bill has been approved by the House, it is then begins its journey through the Senate. After the bill has been endorsed by the Senate, the houses of congress then meet in conference committees to prepare the bill to be sent to the White House. To summarize, the path the bill takes to become a law is a fairly complex impediment. br brNow to begin,Read MoreHow a Bill Becomes a Law1156 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor role in decision making. They’re primary role is to pass laws. These laws start off as bills. Bills can only be introduced by members of Congress. Altho ugh these bills only come from Congressman, there are many people who influence these bills. Such as the president, regular citizens, offices in the executive branch, and many others. The bills right off the bat do not have a very good chance of passage. Only 1 out of every 10 bills even gets any attention at all. This is because they must goRead MoreHow A Bill Becomes A Law1180 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor role in decision making. They’re primary role is to pass laws. These laws start off as bills. Bills can only be introduced by members of Congress. Although these bills only come from Congressman, there are many people who influence these bills. Such as the president, regular citizens, offices in the executive branch, and many others. The bills right off the bat do not have a very good chance of passage. Only one out of every ten bills even gets any attention at all. This is because they must goRead MoreHow Does A Bill Become A Law?765 Words   |  4 PagesHow does a bill b ecome a law? There are quite a number of steps in order for a bill to become a law. A bill is a legislative proposal that must be passed by House, Senate, and the President in order to become a law. Once an idea for a bill is written and well developed, any member of Congress can make an official introduction. There are two types of bills; public that deals with matters of the general public, and private which is specific to an individual or an organization. These often relate toRead More How A Bill Becomes A Law Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesroad a bill takes to becoming a law is a long and tedious process. First, the proposed bill goes through the House of representatives. Once the bill has been approved by the House, it is then begins its journey through the Senate. After the bill has been endorsed by the Senate, the houses of congress then meet in conference committees to prepare the bill to be sent to the White House. To summarize, the path the bill takes to become a law is a fairly complex impediment. Now to begin, the bill mustRead MoreEssay On How A Bill Becomes A Law743 Words   |  3 Pages How a bill becomes law is not as easy as expected. In my paper it is important for me to explain the basics which are a total of ten steps a bill have to take before it become a law. First, a bill is originated from an idea, then it is proposed and introduced to the house of representatives. The bill is then reviewed and then it gets debated on the floor where if it passes will be received by the senate. The senate then proceeds with further review of the bill and after reviewing it, and then itRead MoreEssay On How A Bill Becomes A Law889 Words   |  4 PagesHow a Bill Becomes a Law After studying this chapter about all the steps required for a bill to become a law, I can see why many times you hear the general populace complain that it seems like nothing gets done. Even though the process seems arduous, I think it is wise to fine tune something that will become a law so that it has maximum effect without infringing on people’s rights. When trying to decide the best way to explain the process, I thought about a bill that for me personally would be aRead MoreHow a Bill Becomes a Law Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesFor a bill to become a law it takes more than one step and more than one person deciding, its not as easy as it seems. First, the legislation is introduced, and then you have the committee action, afterwards floor action, conference committee, the president, and then the bill becomes a law. Some bills will never make it through any of these processes but for those who really want their bill to pass, if they fight for it they just might get lucky. This paper will show you that it takes more thanRead MoreEssay On How A Bill Become A Law1000 Words   |  4 Pages How A Bill Become A Law What is a bill? A bill is proposed laws and lawmaking being thought about carefully by a government. A bill does not become law until it is passed by the government and, in most cases, approved by the executive. Once a bill has been put into law it is called an act of the government, or a law. Before a law is made it has to be passed through both House of congresses. Laws begin as ideas. These ideas may come from a Representative--or from a person who lawfully

Essay on Patriarchy in Hamlet - 1721 Words

Patriarchy in Hamlet William Shakespeare’s Hamlet employs the concept of patriarchy in several scenarios and each on different levels. These levels of patriarchy, if even for the same character, vary in their role in the play. Three patriarchal characters are easily identified: the ghost of Hamlet’s father, the king Claudius, and the lord chamberlain Polonius. Despite their variances each patriarchy displays values and actions which are key factors in bringing about the cataclysmic ending to Hamlet. Claudius fills the role of father figure as both king to a nation and stepfather to young Hamlet, whose father has died unexpectedly. It is revealed later that Claudius is responsible for the death of his brother, King†¦show more content†¦Claudius accepts this message at face value and foolishly shuffles it aside; he is more eager to hear news on the matters of his stepson Hamlet (2.2.60-85). It is the threat within the family that has Claudius distracted from the threat without. A wiser king would certainly concern himself with affairs abroad and defense of his borders more than Claudius has shown himself capable of doing. Claudius’s poor display as head of the grand patriarchy of the throne of Denmark is directly related to his poor display as the patriarch of the royal family. His character is cast in an unfavorable light from the start to the omniscient reader: incestuous murderer, spy, plotter, and schemer. To Hamlet, he is no father figure. Hamlet is made extremely angry by Claudius’s marriage to Gertrude. This is, of course, even before he is privy to the information that Claudius is his father’s murderer. He is angry with the haste in which his mother has agreed to marry Claudius, and so overwhelmed with grief is Hamlet that he cannot identify with his new father figure (1.2.129-57). This anger is not to be viewed from an Oedipal point of view (Hamlet expresses no interest in â€Å"replacing† either his father or step-father) but out of genuine love and concern for his true father, who in life represented a healthy patriarchal figure to Hamlet. These conflicts in emot ion do not bode well for the infrastructure of the royalShow MoreRelatedWomen s Tragedy : Hamlet And King Lear1185 Words   |  5 PagesTinsley Anderson Dr. Pitchford ENGL 4037 24 November 2015 Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet and King Lear While William Shakespeare’s Tragedies are well known for their violence, tragic heroes, and fatal flaws, the method in which Shakespeare portrays his female characters in a negative light is seldom expressed. The women of Shakespeare’s Tragedies are represented unfavorably, no matter if they are virtuous or evil. â€Å"Shakespeare’s plays are not lacking in women with positive human qualitiesRead MoreComparison Of Ophelia And Hamlet By William Shakespeare1382 Words   |  6 Pagescould. I took what I felt were the three major points of this play with women in it. I analyzed how Shakespeare portrayed and meant the two major female characters to be (Ophilia and Gertrude), and an example of the interactions between Ophelia and Hamlet, as they were very consistent throughout the story, and are an interesting but very easy display of societal norms at that time. After the fallout of my previous essay I tried to stay as far away from using resources to avoid anything else fromRead MoreHamlet: a Feminist Approach Essay examples1224 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet: A Feminist Approach Sexism: the belief or attitude that one sex is inherently superior to, more competent than, or more valuable than the other (most commonly used for male superiority). This idea that women are weak is not a new one in the modern world. It has been studied for countless years along with the concept of a patriarchal society. A patriarchy is defined as a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. Such systems currentlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1061 Words   |  5 PagesKylie Kwiatt Jaime Jordan Reading Shakespeare October 29, 2014 Hamlet through Feminist Lens In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character of Ophelia may be looked at and analyzed through a Feminist perspective. By using a Feminist lens, readers may observe the impact of patriarchal society and misogyny on the mind of a young lady doing her best to fit into the role of a Shakespearian-era woman. Women were expected to be virginal, yet sexual, subservient and inferior to men, and possessionsRead MoreA Traditional Revenge Tragedy Approach To Hamlet759 Words   |  4 Pagesan injury or caused by another character (Reedy). In the play of Hamlet, this approach can easily be seen in the character Hamlet’s plot to â€Å"remember† his father. After his father’s death, Hamlet spends the whole play concocting a plan to avenge his father. He develops a play to bring guilt to his father’s murderer and to convince the royal subjects of their king’s foul sin. The tragedy in this approach occurs at the end when Hamlet successfully gets his f ather’s revenge, but in doing so is also killedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Female Characters1232 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish writers and creators of all time. However, his works open themselves up to interpretation, whether in historical context or symbolism; they lend themselves to every readers individual response. In this research paper I will be addressing patriarchy, his treatment of female characters as commodity, and the misogynistic themes in his works. My goal is not to find the ultimate answer to the question of whether Shakespeare was a misogynist or not, that would simply be unrealistic. But throughRead MoreThe And Human Nature s Love For Categorization1011 Words   |  5 Pagesset of aspects it analyzes, but all have one thing in common, they help find the underlying themes and/or motivations behind the text, whether they were intentional or not. One classic example of one of these underlying themes is Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Hamlet can be seen through a Feminist Literary Lens, revealing the patriarchal structure of society in this fictional work of literature. To begin with, one cannot look at a work through a Feminist Literary Lens until one knows what that is. To putRead MoreThe Decision Of Hamlet s Mental State939 Words   |  4 PagesA theme of ‘madness’ is carefully and creatively manifested within Hamlet. A question that I intend to get out of the way fairly quickly would be the decision of Hamlet’s mental state. There is much controversy surrounding the idea of Hamlet’s madness, and textual evidence can support either side of the argument. However, madness is still at the heart of this play, whether it be real or feigned. Since we cannot prove Hamlet’s sanity, we may still act under the assumption that he has lost his holdRead MoreThe Insanity Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Insanity in Hamlet Insanity, a theme explored by multiple authors in countless classic selections, has instilled itself as one of the darkest and interesting themes in the literary world. In Shakespeare’s legendary Hamlet, the audience questions the sanity of Hamlet and Ophelia constantly, as well as that of the other characters. As the story progresses, this becomes more and more relevant, bringing the reader to consider the causes and effects of the characters’ mental states on the resolutionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet And The Duchess Of Malfi 2029 Words   |  9 Pagescharacters in ‘Hamlet’ and ‘The duchess of Malfi’ by using general themes such as the patriarchy and the social control, the female identity and its independence, this institution of marriage, the expressions of sexuality and finally women shown to be either conformist or transgressive. Men were firmly in control in the Elizabethan and Jacobean era, and the expectations for women we re to stay home, cook, clean and raise a family. Women’s status and roles were subject to the Tyranny of patriarchy, they were

Research in Business for Brand Image of a Product-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch in Business for Brand Image of a Product. Answer: Introduction Online marketing is a very popular trend among various types of marketing strategies. The internet has captured the world in a massive way and the emergence of smartphones and android technologies have made life easier for both the producers and consumers (Hulbert Harrigan, 2014). The new internet and smartphone technology plays a significant role in the marketing strategies by the manufacturers of products and services. On the other hand, proper marketing strategies are extremely essential to create brand image of a product or service. Quality of the product or service is another necessary factor for creating brand image. One of the fundamental criteria of creating brand image is to ensure that the information about the product or service reaches to a larger target audience and for that, wide spread marketing is required (France, Merrilees Miller, 2015). The manufacturers are adopting online marketing techniques to reach to wider consumer base in a more convenient manner. Hence, t here may be a significant relation between the online marketing and brand image, which will be researched in this study. Problem statement Role of online marketing in creating brand image of a product or service is the problem statement of this research study. Brand image majorly depends on the product quality and price. However, marketing is an extremely important function in the organizational operations of any manufacturing company. There are various types of promotional strategies, adopted by the companies to create a brand image and reach to the target audience. Today, the producers are adopting online marketing technique to capture a bigger market share (Purani Sahadev, 2015). Hence, the focus of the research study will be on the contribution of the online marketing in creating brand image of goods and services. Research aim The aim of the research study is to find out to what extent the online promotional or marketing techniques cast impact on the creation of brand image of a product or service. Apart from product quality and price, the quality of the promotional techniques is also considered to have influence on the brand image. The research paper aims to evaluate if online marketing creates any significant difference in building up a brand image for a product or service. Research objective The objectives of the research paper are: To examine the factors influencing the brand image creation for a product or service To assess the different marketing techniques having an impact on the brand image creation. To assess the different online promotional techniques and their pros and cons To evaluate the impact of the online marketing techniques on the creation of the brand image for any product or service Research methodology Research methodology refers to the strategy of the researcher, to be adopted to address the research problem. It consists of research philosophy, approach, strategy, design, data collection and analysis process. The basic plan of the researcher to address the research aim and objectives and reach to the conclusion in a most logical and appropriate manner is the subject matter of research methodology (Lewis, 2015). The researcher will to try to assess the impact of online marketing on the creation of brand image of any product or service through this research study. To proceed with the study, firstly, the researcher must conduct a comprehensive literature review. This is required to gain knowledge about various factors of the research study. The researcher will present the findings from the literature of other scholars to make the readers acquainted with the topic of the research (Bryman Bell, 2015). The literature review will be done in alignment with the objectives of the research and will be presented in a thematic structure. The researcher will collect both the primary and secondary data for this research study. Primary data will be collected through a survey. 50 participants will be chosen using simple random sampling and they will be asked 10 close ended questions, which would focus on getting the information about the perceptions of the participants on the impact of online marketing on the brand image of goods and services. Secondary data will be collected by the researcher from various academic and peer reviewed journals, books, magazines, online publications, presentations, newspaper articles and official websites of different companies in this industry. This data is helpful in validating the results of the primary data analysis. Secondary data sources and analysis process As mentioned earlier, the researcher will use the secondary data to provide support to the primary research and to validate the findings. Various peer reviewed journals will be considered to get relevant knowledge about the research topic. The journals, such as, Journal of Business Research, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Computers in Human Behavior, Journal of Product Brand Management, Psychology Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, International Journal of Electronic Commerce will be consulted for the articles by various scholars. Along with that, various books on factors of brand image, marketing techniques and brand image, different types of marketing techniques, such as, online promotional technique and its impact on brand image will be consulted to get information on various themes of the research. Apart from that, various newspaper articles, such as, from Sydney Morning Herald, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, Herald Sun etc. and annual reports of a few manufacturi ng companies will be reviewed for relevant data on online marketing and brand image. After the data collection, the researcher will apply the quantitative method for analyzing the primary responses. The survey will be conducted using Google form. The responses will be collected in the Likert scale values and it will be presented in MS Excel file. The data will be converted into numerical values. Statistical calculations will be performed on the data to get the relation between the online marketing and brand image. Qualitative thematic analysis will be performed on the secondary data to evaluate the reliability and validity of the outcomes of the primary data analysis. References Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. France, C., Merrilees, B., Miller, D. (2015). Customer brand co-creation: a conceptual model.Marketing Intelligence Planning,33(6), 848-864. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-06-2014-0105 Hulbert, B., Harrigan, P. (2014). The Impact of Technology on Marketing - Introducing a New Marketing DNA.The Sustainable Global Marketplace, 296-300. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10873-5_171 Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), 473-475. Purani, K., Sahadev, S. (2015). Generating Trust in E-Services through Service Quality: The Moderating Role of Technology Readiness.Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 448-448. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18687-0_163 Bibliography Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Ashley, C., Tuten, T. (2014). Creative Strategies in Social Media Marketing: An Exploratory Study of Branded Social Content and Consumer Engagement.Psychology Marketing,32(1), 15-27. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20761 Buil, I., de Chernatony, L., Martnez, E. (2013). Examining the role of advertising and sales promotions in brand equity creation.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 115-122. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.030 Gensler, S., Vlckner, F., Egger, M., Fischbach, K., Schoder, D. (2015). Listen to Your Customers: Insights into Brand Image Using Online Consumer-Generated Product Reviews.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,20(1), 112-141. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2016.1061792 Kaufmann, H., Loureiro, S., Manarioti, A. (2016). Exploring behavioural branding, brand love and brand co-creation.Journal of Product Brand Management,25(6), 516-526. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-06-2015-0919 Li, H., Kannan, P. (2014). Attributing Conversions in a Multichannel Online Marketing Environment: An Empirical Model and a Field Experiment.Journal of Marketing Research,51(1), 40-56. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0050 Ryan, D. (2016).Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Tajvidi, M., Wang, Y., Hajli, N., Love, P. (2017). Brand value Co-creation in social commerce: The role of interactivity, social support, and relationship quality.Computers in Human Behavior. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.006

Language and Culture The honorifics (speech or system) of Japanese and Korean

Introduction Use of a detailed system of honorifics has been in use by the Japanese since time in memorial. This sets out a difference between the addresser and the addressee.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Language and Culture: The honorifics (speech or system) of Japanese and Korean specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research on this topic has shown that its use is determined by different aspects contained in a speech, this include the formality of the very status and the addresser or addressee position. In Japan, honorific use is determined by the category of the addressee, that is, he/ she might be superior to the addresser, and this corresponds directly to the verb in use. Honorific use by the addressee, that is distal forms, is directed by the factors prevailing in that current situation such as the speech formality, addressee/ addresser social identity and logically oriented accounts. Although rule s and obligation dictate the use of honorifics, they cannot account for the differences in their use. There is variation in the use of honorifics regardless of the fact that the same person is addressed under similar speech situation (Dunn 1). In Korea, a different use of horrific is implemented in order to portray politeness. In the past, horrific was used to set out the differences in societal conditions between orators. Today, horrific is used to give a distinction between formal and informal speech depending on how familiar the orator and the audience are. Horrific is used to show respect among people of different social status. Examples of horrific used in Korea are; Ssi, Gun, Ghaka, Gwiha among others.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They are used either as prefixes or suffixes to the surname (Byon Para. 4). Each horrific is used at a different social setting and if w rongly used, they are seen as a form of insult. In both Korea and Japan, horrific is generally used to accord respect to the subject and portray some kind of politeness. Different verbs exist in both countries that are used at different social setting and levels. Importance of understanding culture in explaining one’s language Culture can be defined as practices that are similar to a given group but different to another one. To understand a different language, it is important to familiarize with the same people’s culture. Knowing what people in a culture do and speak is important because it helps to know what these people treasure and deem consequently, leading to prediction of their behavior. This helps one to become more acquainted with the peoples’ actions hence avoiding being caught unawares or reducing chances of mixed reactions to this behavior. This is important as it helps one adjust to the new setting. After one has come to the knowledge of how and why all these actions are taken, it is easier now to cope with the differences thus making an easier way of interacting. Culture is likened onto an iceberg. The same way an iceberg has both the visible and invisible sections, the same is evident with culture where some features are observable and others can only be perceived. Some of these aspects include; gestures, eating habits, music, religious beliefs and many others. Usually, the invisible aspects directly influence the invisible ones (understanding culture 6).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Language and Culture: The honorifics (speech or system) of Japanese and Korean specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Use of gestures can be used here to depict how important it is to understand a culture in order to better explain a different language. As a common mode of communication in the modern world, body language such as facial expression can have different mean ing in different cultural setting. Therefore, if one is not very conversant with a given culture, cases of misunderstanding may occur thus leading to conflict between these two cultures. Value differences between the Korean and Japan Value can be defined as a core component of culture as it focuses on change that directly influences behavior. Value is also vital in the business arena in that, its components influence the customer’s choice. Such components include social, conditional functional, emotional among others. From a consumer’s perspective, value can be seen as the total measure of utility of a service. It is apparent that there are differences in value depending on the cultural setting and satisfaction required by the individuals in these two countries (Kim 229). This is more evident in business ,for example, in mobile internet whereby in Korea, download services are mostly used thus achieving emotional value while in Japan, e-mail services are frequently used thus attaining a functional value. Thus the value attained in the countries (Kim 236). Differences in Korean and Japan communication system Individualism-Collectivism Culture is divided into two categories in both Japan and Korea. These two categories are individualism and collectiveness. In individualism, societal groups are perceived to be individual and respect for rights and equality is considered.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, collectivism deals with groups whereby corporations are formed comprising of different people. Collectivism has various disadvantages such as lack of privacy and self-esteem (Deep culture para. 5). Both Koreans and Japanese can be viewed to be collectivists. Generally, countries such as Korea, Japan, China and Russia which relay on agriculture as a means of income for survival are said to be collectivism. Those that deal with nomadic such as, Europe, North America and Arab are perceived to be individualistic. Both Koreans and Japanese are not only collectivism but also, individualism in the sense that they work as groups with an aim of benefiting these very same groups. This is because of various reasons such as their lifestyle from the past whereby they depended on rice farming that required coming together hence discouraging individualism. For a long period, there have been interactions between the two countries, thus promoting similarity between them. Due to th e Japanese invasion in Korea, the Koreans were forced to think and act in a similar manner to the Japanese. Thus, aspects of collectivism such as harmony and dependency are upheld. Thoughts for the two Asians states are very similar in that they believe in getting their happiness by a way of interacting with friends. In the current world, people are moving from collectivism to individualism. This is also evident in the two countries where people have become more self centered. Egalitarianism- Hierarchism Egalitarianism is the belief of equality for all people; it imposes an equal treatment for all as the whole human race is entrusted to the same rights. On the other hand hierarchism portrays a protocol in which there those people above or below others in terms of age or their position in the government that is seniors and juniors. In Korea, egalitarianism is dominant whereby wealth and opportunities are distributed equally. There is no large gap between the rich and the poor. Egalit arianism has been known to cause tensions in area such as media and education where private sectors are discouraged. This is believed to bring harmony in the society. In both Japan and Korea, hierarchism has been promoted by Confucianism in which social protocols are vital in training juniors how to respect the seniors and how the same seniors should lead in the right manner. The idea behind this is to ensure a smooth running in the society (Hagget 3126). Confrontation-Indirectness Indirectness means diverting from the right course. Confrontation on the other hand confrontation means facing a person or situation directly without fear. There have been confrontations between the two countries in the past. Such an incident is like the one that occurred at the sea where the Koreans refused to be inspected. This led to a bitter feeling to the Japanese although the problem was solved smoothly. There is still fear that such cases are likely to occur in the future unless the Japanese will h ave good faith. The two countries have to act towards the good for both of them. Indirectness is highly embraced in Korea where the listener has to put effort in attempt to understand what the addresser is saying. Much work is to be done by the Korean reader as compared to the English readers (Eisenstein 143). Pragmatism-Formalism Though Korea and Japan has had conflicts, there has been close relationship due to the economic transactions carried out between them. Japan is known for its pragmatic goals in economics while Korea is known for its moral superiority. Japan is known for its pragmatism in the way of accepting to do business with the USA freely. Korea is not as pragmatic as Japan, though at long run, both tend to have the same achievement. In Japan use of horrific such as Keigo is common and it aims at bringing out the culture for the Japanese. Formalism is used to present the exact information to a scientific researcher because it addresses questions that are more pressing. The main addressed issues include; reference person reflectivity among others. The use of such brings out some sense of politeness and respect (Wetzel 4). Rationalism-Emotionalism Rationalism calls for actions out of reason and knowledge rather than religious or emotional reactions while emotionalism focus on reactions based on emotions. Cases of emotionalism are evident in both Japan and Korea. For example; Japan was not pleased with the discontinued negotiation over fisheries in 1969. Another instance of emotionalism is seen when Korea uses the word king instead of emperor in an attempt to humiliate Japanese. The issue of abducting Korean girls for slavery and sexual satisfaction by the Japanese also resulted into long debates in the USA House of Representatives with an aim of providing solution to the women mistreatment (Togo and Hasegwa, 52). Nationalism was more evident in Korea in which movements were formed in order to protect Koreans culture and ethnicity against the outsid ers. These movements included independent ones ant the partitioning of Korea into two in order to protect the country from the colonialist thus safeguarding their culture. Conversational constraints in conflict situations Both Koreans and Japanese are perceived to be collectivistic in their way of communicating mode. During conversation, conflicts are bound to occur and for both countries, different approaches are used to solve such conflicts and constraints such as concern for clarity, imposition minimization, and hurtful feelings by the audience reduction and hearer’s negative perceptions avoidance. Koreans seem to be more collectivism as compared to Japanese. While Japanese are more concerned with passage of information clearly and explicitly, Koreans focus more on avoiding negative feelings or hurting the hearer’s feelings. Differences in the perceptions of interaction goals between Koreans and Japanese How issues are perceived in both countries differ. This is att ributed to the cultural difference in the countries. The way words are understood in both countries is all different, for example; in Korea corruption is not a vice as in other countries like the USA. Another case can be seen in negotiation processes. To the Japanese, Harmony is a priority and in many cases they would not want to involve in dialogue that is likely to cause chaos. Honorifics and Politeness In Japan, use of Horrific is common whereby suffixes are used at the end of names to denote the relationship between the addressee and the addresser. Japanese have diverse levels of speech, honorifics, different words and polite verbs. The use of the above mentioned ideas depends on the situation in which the word is used; this means a word can have many meanings depending on the situation. The way to address a close friend or a family member is all different from the way of addressing an employer. The various speech level used include, keigo, sonkeigo and kenjougo. Keigo is the mo st used level especially with the foreigners because it is simple. The latter two are used in formal situations more so when seniors are addressing juniors. Examples of honorifics include; san which is equivalent to Mr., Ms or Mrs. in English, it is used for both male and female. Cha is another horrific used in informal situation to denote affection. It is commonly used by women and girls. In rare occasions, men can use it to imply some sense of affection to a young lady.It can also be used to refer to cute things or pets. Sama is a more polite one and it can be used to show respect to a senior. To show politeness in Japan, there are different ways of using I and you. It is perceived more polite to use ones title or name than to use you. Examples of I are; Wakatashi, Watashi and boku. Those of you are; Anata, Kimi and Anta (Honorifics and Politeness Levels para. 2). Just as in Japan, Koreans also make use of different honorifics, speech levels and verbs in order to set out a clear r elationship between the speakers and d the audience. All these are done to show respect and create a good relationship among different categories of people. Conclusion In both Korea and Japan, use of horrific is embraced in order to ensure harmony in the society. Their cultural practices are directly proportional to their language; therefore, it is important to understand culture in order to have a comprehension of the language. There are different ways of communicating in both Korea and Japan depending on the values to be achieved. Constraints in communication in both countries are also evident and these are different in the two countries. It is important to familiarize with a culture in order to be at pace with their way of doing things and communication modes. Works Cited Byon, Andrew, S. The role of linguistic indirectness and honorifics in achieving linguistic politeness in Korean requests. Deep culture: Individualism verses collectivism. Web. Dunn, Cynthia, D. Japanese honorif ic use as indexical of the speaker’s situational stance: Towards a new model. University of Northern Lowa. Eisenstein, Miriam, R. The Dynamic interlanguage: empirical studies in second language variation. Toronto: Springer, 1989. Web. Hagget, Peter. Encyclopedia of world Geography: Japan/ Korea. New York: Marshall Cavendish.  Honorifics and Politeness Levels. Web. Kim. Lee, Y. et al. A cross-cultural study on the value structure of mobile internet usage: comparison between Korea and Japan. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, VOL. 3, NO. 4. Web. Togo, Kazuhiko. Hasegawa, Tyuyoshi. East Asia’s haunted present: historical memories and the resurgence of nationalism PSI reports. ABC-CLIO.2008.  Understanding culture. Web. Wetzel, Patricia, J. Keigo in modern Japan: polite language from Meiji to the present. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. 2004. This research paper on Language and Culture: The honorifics (speech or system) of Japanese and Korean was written and submitted by user Ph1ll1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Negative Message Memo Essay Example

Negative Message Memo Essay Example Negative Message Memo Essay Negative Message Memo Essay Memo To: Carolyn Smythe From: Director of Human Resources Date: April 20, 2011 Subject: Volunteer Program I am writing this memo in response to the email request that you sent me about adding the Center for Non-Violence to our volunteer program. I would like to start off by saying that we here at Dawson Engels greatly appreciate your input and your interest in expanding our volunteer program to better help the community. However, we are not going to be able to include the program you suggested in our list of company volunteer programs. The reason we cannot include this program is not because of what it currently does, but because of how it’s past may concern certain members of our company. The organization in question has a history of protesting military action in response to political problems. This specific part of the organizations background could offend veterans and the families of soldiers who are currently active. In order to ensure that none of our customers or employees are upset, declining this particular organization seems like the best decision. I understand your reasons for suggesting this organization, because they do a lot of great work with helping to provide conflict resolutions in schools. I have gotten to see how this program works first hand and I agree that it does help out with the vast number of violent outbreaks that are going on in schools. Even though this program could not be added to our company list, I encourage you to help out with the organization in anyway you can. With help of people like you, the organizations’ image could be changed so that companies, like ours, would be interested in supporting and helping out. Even though the company was not able to accept this proposal, I hope that you will continue to give us feedback and suggestions on how we could further improve this company. If you have any questions or concerns that you would like to discuss with me, feel free to contact me at [emailprotected] com or at (456) 878-9120.

Definition and Examples of Doxa in Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Doxa in Classical Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, the Greek term doxa refers to the domain of opinion, belief, or probable knowledge- in contrast to episteme, the domain of certainty or true knowledge. in Martin and Ringhams  Key Terms in Semiotics  (2006), doxa  is defined as public opinion, majority prejudice, middle-class consensus. It is linked to the concept of doxology, to everything that is seemingly self-evident in terms of opinion, or conventional practice and habit. In England, for example, talk of the genius of Shakespeare is part of the doxa, as is a meal of fish and chips or a game of cricket. Etymology:  From the Greek, opinion What is Doxa? [T]he condemnation of rhetoric as trafficking in opinions about justice has dogged the art ever since Plato wrote Gorgias. . . . The Sophists in Gorgias hold that rhetoric creates truth that is useful for the moment out of doxa, or the opinions of the people, through the process of argument and counterargument. Socrates will have no part of this sort of truth which, nevertheless, is essential to a democracy.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2005) Two Meanings in Contemporary Rhetoric In contemporary rhetorical theory, we can distinguish two meanings of the classical term doxa. The first is more faithful to the classical heritage; it therefore stems from an epistemic perspective grounded in the contrast between certainty and probability. The second unfolds along a social and cultural dimension and is concerned with sets of beliefs widely espoused by popular audiences. These two meanings do not necessarily represent a shift from classical to modern theory. Aristotle distinguished doxa as opinion, from episteme as certainty. But in listing various beliefs with a high degree of probability- such as revenge being sweet, or rare objects as more valuable than those that exist in abundance- he also identified specific cultural, social (or what we call ideological) assumptions based on which the premise of an argument can be seen as plausible and be agreed upon by the members of a particular community.(Andreea Deciu Ritivoi, Paul Ricoeur: Tradition and Innovation in Rheto rical Theory. SUNY Press, 2006) Rational Doxa In The Republic, . . . Socrates says, Even the best of opinions are blind (Republic 506c). . . . One can never be the master of ones own doxa. As long as one lives in the domain of doxa, one is enslaved to the prevailing opinions of his social world. In the Theaetetus, this negative meaning of doxa is replaced by a positive one. In its new meaning, the word doxa can no longer be translated as belief or opinion. It is not something passively received from someone else, but rather actively made by the agent. This active notion of doxa is given by Socrates description of it as the souls dialogue with itself, asking itself questions and answering, affirming and denying, and finally making a decision (Theaetetus 190a). And the decision can be rational if the souls conversation is rational.This is the theory of rational doxa, the doxa plus logos . . ..(T. K. Seung, Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order. Rowman Littlefield, 1996)

Statement of Purpos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of Purpos - Essay Example I am interested in pursuing the Ph.D. Degree program with focus on clinical and experimental therapeutics which fits into my future vision of my career. I have particularly chosen to apply to your university because of the strong feedback I gathered about the program from previous alumni. The backgrounder information: â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the World† proclaimed Nelson Mandela. I wish to live through the essence of each and every word of this significant statement. My country, Saudi Arabia, emerged as a full-fledged Nation in the year 1932, but the place of women was confined within the four walls of the home, and they did not get their rights of education until 1956, when the first girl’s school was established. The traditions and societal conditions in Saudi Arabia were averse for the women to participate in public life, but some favorable developments have taken place in the recent times. Even now the topic of women rights is the hotly discussed topic from the various societal platforms and controversies of all sorts are raised to apply checks to the progressive rights of women. Such social imbalances and the lack of will power of the political decision makers to push through the reformations that are necessary for the welfare of women, have been bothering me since childhood that I need to do something tangible towards this end. The proclamation of Nelson Mandela has deeply impacted my thinking to make the world a better place for the Saudi women. The challenges for women as for issues of education, economic development, participation in democratic institutions and civil rights etc. cannot be achieved without access to knowledge which is possible through educating the girl child. The objectives that I aim to achieve: I have worked as a hospital pharmacist and I am pained to observe the misconception of the people of my country

My Leadership Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Leadership Philosophy - Assignment Example Leaders solve problems and encourage creativity thus driving competitiveness in the organization (Martin, 2006). Effective leadership approach should foster the formation of meaningful relationships and enhance harmony in teams in order to facilitate job coordination and collaboration across the organization (Northouse, 2010). Accordingly, leaders should use their interpersonal skills to persuade their followers to dedicate their efforts and abilities towards the attainment of the outlined common goals. This essay will describe my leadership in terms of skills approach and present a plan of action to improve my leadership and motivation skills. The leadership approach that best describes me as a leader is the skills approach. This is a leader-centered perspective of leadership and I have certain knowledge and skills that are essential for effective leadership (Martin, 2006). According to Kaz field research, leaders demonstrate effective administration through use of knowledge and competencies to accomplish certain objectives (Northouse, 2010). I have technical skills and analytical skills in language and computer that will be essential in my future career. Accordingly, I have human skills that are essential in working with subordinates, peers and superiors. I am capable of creating an environment of trust since I am sensitive to the concerns of others and thus I will cater the ideas of others in my decision-making (Northouse, 2010). I believe I have well developed conceptual skills that are key to outlining the organizational vision and communicating new ideas to peers and subordinates. I am able to express the company goals with hypothetical notions in order to persuade the followers to accept my vision for the organization (Lussier & Achua, 2010). According to the skills model, I have skills and capabilities that are essential for high job performance that I have developed from my education and

Death and Athlete Essay Example for Free

Death and Athlete Essay Title: The title can suggest two different things because dying young can be interpreted differently figuratively and literally. Literally, it would mean that the athlete was dying. Figuratively, it would mean that the athletes career was coming to an end earlier than expected perhaps because he was sick or injured. Paraphrase: The speaker is specifically addressing the athlete dying young but is addressing everyone in general. When you won the town race, everyone congratulated and cheered for you. However, today we bring you home after you finished your long race. Youre smart for leaving the world before glory left you. Though victory and subsequent glory comes early, it withers away faster than a rose. Now since you are dead, you cannot see or hear anything. At least your fame and glory stays with you as you died. Many peoples renown and fame left them before they left. So leave the world before fames echo fades. Then your fame will last forever and you will be well known for your achievement. Connotation: Form This poem is kind of like an eulogy because it praises the athlete who died/is dying young. In stanza 3, the speaker seems to be praising the athlete by stating, Smart lad, to slip betimes away From fields where glory does not stay. Hes basically saying, Yay. Good job on dying young. Diction The diction is relatively easy to read and seems very conventional. This makes it seem as if the poem was not specifically for the athlete or athletes but for everyone. Imagery The imagery makes the poem seem more elegiac. Stanza 3: And early though the laurel grows It withers quicker than the rose. Stanza 7: Will flock to gaze the strengthless dead Point of View The POV seems to be that of a fellow resident of the town the athlete dying young resided in. We chaired you through†¦ we bring you home Details There are a lot of details on life/death and glory/fame. Allusions There is an allusion to the time of the Greeks. It was customary in ancient Greece to crown champion athletes with wreaths with leaves from laurel trees. Stanza 3: And early though the laurel grows. Stanza 7: And round that early-laurelled head Symbolism In stanza 2, the road all runners come symbolizes life and how it eventually leads to death. In stanza 3. the laurel symbolizes glory and fame while the rose symbolizes how beauty/victory/life is ephemeral. Figurative Language In stanza 2, there is a metaphor dealing with the stiller town. Basically, there is a comparison of a cemetery/graveyard to a town. Also, in stanza 4, the shady night is a comparison of night to death. Attitude: Well, at first, I thought the tone was depressing because it was mournful of an athlete who died young. However, the speakers tone seems to be more reverential than mournful because the praises the speaker gives to the athlete makes it seem as if dying young is better. The speaker states that since he died young, his fame/glory is fresh and everlasting and that this is better than runners whom renown outran [them]. Shifts: There is shift from the first stanza to the second stanza and then from the second to the third. From then on the stanzas are mostly positive. The first stanza is quite celebratory. Everyone is celebrating the athlete who won the race. Then in the second stanza, the mood shifts from cheerful to mournful because the athlete now died. After the second stanzas, all the stanzas are more optimistic. It makes early death seems better than long life. Title: My original opinions of the title are quite similar to my current ones. Basically the poem is about a champion athlete who died early. Due to his early death, his fame lingers on because his accomplishments in life will still be remembered. The athlete in the poem literally dies but so does his career as well. However, one thing that doesnt die or decay is the athletes accomplishments. Theme(s): The main theme in this poem is between life/death and glory. Life doesn’t last forever and neither does youth nor fame. Since fame/glory is ephemeral like beauty, if you live for too long after your accomplishments, your fame/glory is bound to wither away before you do. However, if you die with achievements, your renown will be fresh and remembered. Yet the consequence to this is that you have to face bitter death.

A Too-Personal Rant on Fundamental Attribution Error :: Free Essays Online

A Too-Personal Rant on Fundamental Attribution Error It's very easy to misunderstand what other people do. This is, in fact, the basis of a great many human conflicts. I am aware that I do this with some frequency, and am in fact very much in the middle of slandering a particular person presently for attributive reasons. The specifics of the case are illustrative, and the exercise might be helpful to me, too. My first contact with "Bob" was in my freshman seminar class, where I pegged him as a pretentious expletive-deleted. Then, thanks to the devious workings of the Simon's Rock social network, I found myself opposite him in what could aptly be termed a 'bizarre love triangle.' Suddenly, my dislike of him was animated with a fire of jealousy. I literally began keeping a mental catalogue of all the ways I had convicted him of being a "bad person." Even after the immediate motive had passed, I continued keeping track of his legendary misdeeds, gossiping freely. I find myself making statements like, "What do you expect, it's Bob..." I have clearly made the connection between his actions and his personality. I obviously have difficulty putting myself in his shoes, but I will try to do so. Going back to fresh sem, I can see why his arguments stretched out and became increasingly pretentious: they were poor arguments, but he, like so many other people, was unwilling to let them die, probably as a matter of pride. This is an understandable, if not downright familiar, action. More recently, following a certain thesis performance last weekend, Bob was overheard commenting that he 'could have written it in two days', but then later heard complimenting the composer mere hours later. Several factors could possibly have been at work here, too. First off, when he disparaged the composition, he was in front of his girlfriend, whom he has gone to great lengths to impress. No surprise there  ­ boasting is a classic part of courtship.

A look at the death rates in the united states according to race Essay

Death Rates, Many of the death rates in the United States may be explained, for example, why are the death rates of African Americans so high on homicide? Well, it is said that because most black people live in Urban areas or in what people call â€Å"guetos† (not necessarily all but a good amount) that means they usually live on these dangerous places where death rates are pretty high making their victimology pretty high. Now if we combine this with the fact that most black men kill other black men whether it is (usually because of gangs) then we can assume that the death rates of black men because of homicides is pretty high because they usually live on places that are very dangerous and controlled by gangs and most are killed by people of their own race (and some may argue too by police but that’s another topic) which would explain these statistics and same could be explained for other races. Another example could be that many Americans (despite the different racial groups) are l ikely to die from heart disease, and that is because of the fast foods. In other words, if Americans would eat healthier instead of constantly going to fast foods and started to take care of themselves also by doing exercise then it wouldn’t have to worry so much of dying from heart disease and those death rates among Americans will most likely decrease. The differences in the death rates are because of culture and the way people live their lives, so if a race, for example, let’s maybe there’s a high death rate of Hispanics because of kidney failure (this is an example it may not be true) then maybe the reason could be because they drink a lot of alcohol or something same with other types of diseases or may be ways of thinking. Maybe whites can’t control their stress or are less likely to seek help when they have psychological problems which would explain the high death rates. I believe all of these differences in death rates are because of how each racia l group decides to live and that is why in certain categories those death rates are high for the different racial groups.   

An Analysis of The Clod and the Pebble

Speaker/Tone: â€Å"The Clod and the Pebble† by Sir Francis Blake In the poem â€Å"The Clod and the Pebble† Sire Francis Blake compares selfish and unselfish love through interesting and thought provoking interpretations. These viewpoints are obvious through Blake’s indication of their states of innocence and experience. His first entity, which is a clod, says, â€Å"love seeketh not itself to please†(Blake 3). The second interpretation, which is given in the form of a pebble, reasons, â€Å" Love seeketh only Self to please†(Blake 11). The clod is depicted as a selfless, passionate emotion whereas the pebble is a vain, arrogant and selfish sentiment.We can assume that the author has a lot of experiences when it comes to love, possibly writing this poem in a period of romanticism, but cannot assume he is the speaker. The different perspectives of love in the poem lead the reader to believe that there are two speakers. The Clod may perhaps be of a f eminine viewpoint, which is understandable after reading â€Å"Nor for itself have any care† and â€Å"Trodden with cattle’s feet†, where love is unselfish and sacrificial (Blake 2). The pebble gives off a sense of authority gained from experiences while it mocks the innocence of the clod.The abrupt use of â€Å"But† provides a change to the sweet and harmonious tones of the first stanza, while the phrase â€Å"a pebble of the brook† represents it is a hard and unmovable object, learned from its experiences. Specific words such as â€Å"care† used by the clod and â€Å"bind† used by the pebble are what make the feminine/masculine tones understandable. The beautiful and artful personifications of the content clod and pompous pebble create a clear understanding in contrasting the representation of the selfishness and selflessness of human nature in love.

Unknown Essays

Unknown Essays Unknown Essay Unknown Essay Because the Vatican is within this city, it is most closely associated with fostering the artistic creativity of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. A) Vienna B) London C) Paris D) Rome Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): D 2. This artists School of Athens reveals his respect for pagan philosophers. A) Raphael B) Leonardo da Vinci C) Titian D) Giorgione Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 3. This artist created the magnificent frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. A) Cellini B) Michelangelo C) Bosch D) Fra Angelica Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): B 4. This city is most closely associated with Giorgione and the late Renaissance in Italy. A) Venice B) Pisa C) Naples D) Genoa Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 5. This artists last work, The Transfiguration (featuring a transfigured Christ, Old Testament figures, and Christs apostles), was left unfinished at his death. A) Michelangelo B) Titian C) Leonardo D) Raphael Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): D 6. Titians love of the nude female body is displayed in this work. A) Venus of Urbino B) Last Judgment C) La Primavera D) Assumption of the Virgin Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 7. This Italian city is most famous for its oil paintings (not frescoes). A) Naples B) Venice C) Genoa D) Pisa Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): B 8. This artist and creator of Assumption of the Virgin influenced the works of Rubens and Velazquez, and was a particular favorite of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who granted him noble rank. A) Raphael B) Giorgione C) Tintoretto D) Titian Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): D 9. Pope Julius II commissioned this architect to rebuild St. Peters Basilica in the Vatican. A) Tintoretto B) Vasari C) Bramante D) Cellini Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): C 0. This artists Madonna of the Meadow includes Mary, Jesus, and John the Baptist. A) Raphael B) Titian C) Giorgione D) Leonardo da Vinci Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 11. This panel is one of the most famous on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. A) Madonna of the Meadow B) School of Athens C) Creation of Adam D) The Last Judgment Points Earned: 0. 0/ 4. 0 Correct Answer(s): C 12. This versatile Renaissance mans literary piece, The Courtier, contends that the true courtier should be a person of humanist learning, impeccable ethics, refined courtesy, physical and martial skills, and fascinating conversation. A) Cellini B) Vasari C) Palestrina D) Castiglione Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): D 13. This term identifies music sung without instrumental accompaniment. A) tocotta B) fresco C) a capella D) sprezzatura Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): C 14. This artist was summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. A) Titian B) Leonardo C) Raphael D) Michelangelo Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): D 15. In which of these paintings do Plato and Aristotle appear? A) Venus of Urbino B) The Last Judgment C) Deposition D) School of Athens Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): D 16. Which artist believed that a living figure was concealed in a block of marble and that only the excess needed to be carved away to reveal it? A) Michelangelo B) Raphael C) Titian D) Giorgione Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 17. In a manner similar to that used by Caravaggio, this artist incorporated chiaroscuro techniques in her paintings. A) Titian B) Tintoretto C) Anguissola D) Pontormo Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): C 18. This musician composed and directed music for the Sistine Choir. A) Josquin des Prez B) Adrian Willaert C) Andrea Gabrieli D) Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina Points Earned: 4. /4. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 19. Which of these artists painted Madonna of the Long Neck? A) Giorgione B) Tintoretto C) Parmigianino D) Titian Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): C 20. Just prior to his death, Michelangelo witnessed the completion of the dome he had designed for the rebuilding of St. Peters Basilica in the Vatican. A) True B) False Points E arned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): False 21. Pope Julius II was Michelangelos patron when he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. A) True B) False Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): True 22. Benvenuto Cellini is the author of The Courtier. A) True B) False Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): False 23. Although Leonardo da Vincis version is more recognizable, the artist known as Tintoretto also completed a painting entitled The Last Supper. A) True B) False Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): True 24. Chiaroscuro involves strong contrasts between darkness and light. A) True B) False Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): True 25. One of the greatest composers of the period, Josquin des Prez refused to accept an appointment by Pope Julius II to conduct the Sistine Choir. A) True B) False Points Earned: 4. 0/4. 0 Correct Answer(s): False

Quotes From Alice in Wonderland

Quotes From Alice in Wonderland Here are some of the best conversations between Alice and other characters  in Alice in Wonderland. These quotes are humorous, yet enlightening, containing both satire and wisdom. Alice and The Caterpillar Caterpillar: Who are YOU? Alice: This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. I I hardly know, sir, just at present at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then. The Duchess I quite agree with you. And the moral of that is: Be what you would seem to be, or if youd like it put more simply: Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.   Alice and The Cheshire Cat Alice: But I dont want to go among mad people. The Cat: Oh, you cant help that. Were all mad here. Im mad. Youre mad. Alice: How do you know Im mad? The Cat: You must be. Or you wouldnt have come here. Alice: And how do you know that youre mad? The Cat: To begin with, a dogs not mad. You grant that? Alice: I suppose so, The Cat: Well, then, you see, a dog growls when its angry, and wags its tail when its pleased. Now I growl when Im pleased, and wag my tail when Im angry. Therefore Im mad. Alice and The Mad Hatter   Alice: Ive had nothing yet, so I cant take more. The Hatter: You mean you cant take less; its very easy to take more than nothing. Alice and The White Queen The White Queen: Can you do addition? Whats one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one? Alice: I dont know. I lost count.   Alice, The Gryphon, and The Mock Turtle Alice: And how many hours a day did you do lessons? The Mock Turtle: Ten hours the first day, nine the next, and so on. Alice: What a curious plan! The Gryphon: Thats the reason theyre called lessons, because they lessen from day to day.

Summary of System Roles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary of System Roles - Research Paper Example Besides, the system enhances effectiveness to the organization through added value process. Eventually, information system integration also creates remorseful environment for the delivery of new products and services while providing an executive management control that supports integration through different types of information based controls. Enterprise resource planning systems are business management applications that streamline and integrate business operations and information flow to help in the management of business office functions. Enterprise resource planning systems intercepts information flow either internally or externally and directs it into a simple comprehensive solution. Mostly, a system is designed to handle inventory planning-management, purchases, human resource management and other activities (Leon, 2008). According to Leon (2008), the above system is a critical component in business integration because it enhances productivity while promoting efficiency within the entire organization. As such the activity makes it possible through increased ability and concentration on the issues of the demand and supply with a lot of focus to enhance customer based services. Moreover, EPR improves cost effectiveness of the organization through efficient management of resources thus resulting into increased levels of returns. Most information based management scholars clarifies that Enterprise resource planning systems enhance data consistency by integrating all the important business management functions hence it is vital for the decision-making process. Inter-organizational systems comprise of all information and management systems that transcend organizational departments through electronic networks purposely to share pieces of information besides online transaction process clarifies (Eom, 2005). Living in a digital

The General Images and Perceptions of Liverpool from an outsider Essay

The General Images and Perceptions of Liverpool from an outsider (tourist or international student) - Essay Example This paper discusses the many areas of development which Liverpool undertook to grow its economy. The various features of its development have also been elucidated. These, plus those made within her tourism industry has greatly contributed to Liverpools economy and what we see as modern Liverpool of today. As shown in the UK map above, Liverpool, a coastal city lying alongside the north shore of river Mersey, is an important city and seaport of England. The centre of the city forms the nucleus of Merseyside County, and constitutes a part only of the greater Lancashire. The proper city of Liverpool, therefore, makes up for a borough of the metropolitan county of Merseyside forming an irregular crescent along the estuary of river Mersey, only a few miles away from the Irish Sea. The population of Liverpool is 439,476 and its met. area population is 1,362,034. Liverpool city is a large manufacturing and commercial place in England and is the major city of the metropolitan area of Merseyside. Liverpools City Centre district is one the biggest shopping centres in the United Kingdom. Since it lies on the banks of river Mersey it has many buildings that form UKs important landmarks. These conspicuous buildings include the Royal twin-tower Liver Building with each of the tower crested by the "liver bird" sculpture. It was after this mythical bird that the city is known to have been named. The other notable buildings within the premises of commercial area include: Liverpools inner city area is located at the outskirts of commercial center. The centre of inner city, which in the past was considered a suburban area, abounds with many old buildings and houses. Nevertheless, one part of the inner city area also has the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral; the Liverpool University, and the Anglican Church, while the suburban area now lies outside the inner city. There is a Walker Art Gallery within the Liverpool city, which has one of UKs remarkable collections of

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Biology - Essay Example Before choosing whether to save seeds the farmer is expected to determine whether the seed is crossable with other seeds, in order to come up with new plants, that have an increased productivity, and their products are more refined. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) in his presentation notes that the little organisms compose the foundation of the earth’s ecosystem. But, in addition, he states that the various organisms in the ecosystem relate closely to each other to come up with a stable and balanced ecosystem. Notably, the ecosystem would not exist if only one type of organisms existed. According to E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) , most of the organisms have not been discovered, though presently the scientists are making numerous attempts to find them. He reiterates that smaller organisms are the most important creatures, since they drive the ecosystem. The nematode worms are an example of these organisms. Their increased numbers enable them to effectively influence significant aspects of the en vironment. According to the research, E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) acknowledges that there are more than 5 million species in one ton of soil. He states categorically that scientists are not sure of the role that various organisms play, though they are convinced that they influence the form of the environment in a positive way. There are various organisms found such as algae and disease causing organisms. Some of the disease causing organisms include the bacteria, while some of them are harmful, the others are important to man. According to E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) there are more than 500 organisms that are found in the man’s bucal cavity. He also states that if a closer analysis is made, then someone might notice some microorganisms have their origin far from the earth, basically these organisms are aliens. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) states that most organisms are very susceptible to various harsh conditions in the biosphere. Though human beings have made attempts to eliminate the organism s due to their harmful nature, they have not been successful. The various harmful practices that man engages in, and that threaten the survival of the organisms include: the habitat destruction such as the climate change, invasive species such as pathogenic bacteria, pollution, human population expansion, and overharvesting which leads to the extinction of certain organisms. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) mentions that if such practices are not stopped, a half of the organisms will be eliminated within the next century. Some of the limitations that can be felt if some of the organisms are eliminated include the loss of important scientific research materials, a lack of environmental stability, and also the disappearance of some pharmaceutical products, thus, affecting wealth, security and the health in general. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) acknowledges that the earth is on the edge of losing important scientific information and may lose various organisms even before discovering them. According to t he USA research statistics only 15% of the total organisms on the earth have been discovered. Hence, he proposes that human beings ought to preserve the environment and, at the same time, access the encyclopedia of life, which basically contains various organisms found on earth. It advocates that human beings should search for a new life, understand it, and help to preserve it. Vandana Shiva is an anti-GMO activist who advocates

Strain Theory by Robert Merton | An Analysis

Strain Theory by Robert Merton | An Analysis In criminology, the strain theory describes social structures inside society that may support people to carry out crime. Following the work of Emile Durkheim, Strain Theories have been supported by Robert King Merton, Albert K. Cohen, Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, Robert Agnew, and Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld. Strain may be either: Structural: this applies to the procedures at the community level which break down and impact how one judges their requirements, i.e. if specific social controls are insufficient or there is little regulation, this may alter the individuals outlook as to methods and prospects; or Individual: This term represents the hostility and barriers faced by persons as they look for ways to fulfill their needs or desires, i.e. if the norms of a society become important to a person, in fact accomplishing them may become more significant than the methods. The History of Strain Theory Strain theory was created from the work of Durkheim and Merton and derived from the theory of anomie. Durkheim concentrated on the reduction of societal control and the strain that was caused at the individual level, and Merton analyzed the cultural connection that is present between the individual and the standards of society. Anomie can be split into two separate levels. The first of these levels is the macro side of anomie, which is apparent in the capacity of society to establish restrictions on societal norms and goals, and ultimately control an individuals conduct. The micro side of anomie, also called as strain theory, is focused on the motives underlying the bigger probability of deviance that accumulates from the breakdown of society. In accordance with this micro side of anomie, the reduction in societal controls generates more desire to perform deviant actions (Agnew Passas, 1997:2-3). Agnew and Passas (1997) dealt with the similarities between the macro level of anomie and control theory; however, they claimed that the micro level theory of strain should be judged in a distinct way different from the control theory. Agnew (1992:48) also contrasted and compared strain theory to control theory and social learning theory. The theories vary in the kind of social relationships that they emphasize and the motivations on which they are established. The control theory hinges on the notion that the breakdown of society frees the individual to carry out crime; strain theory is motivated on the strain that is put on the person to carry out crime (Agnew, 1992). Social learning theory is founded on the fundamentals from a group that bring about a constructive or positive view of crime (Agnew, 1992). In accordance with strain theory, individual deviance is created due to negative treatment from others, and this causes anger and disappointment (Agnew, 1997a). Control theory, tho ugh, is founded on the lack of significant relationships with non-deviant others, i.e. family, church, and social learning theory is based on positive interactions with other that are considered deviant. (Agnew, 1992). The attractiveness of strain/anomie theory began in the late 1960s owing to the need of data presented by analysts and the political and social environment of the decade (Agnew Passas, 1997). The lack of supporting evidence can be due to many deficiencies in the original methods used by the analysts (Agnew Passas, 1997). Generalization of the theory and an ignorance of the earlier revisions caused a body of work that distorted the original definition of anomie/strain theory (Agnew Passas, 1997). Together with these deficiencies, modern theorists have claimed that empirical evidence in fact supports the theory (Agnew, Cullen, Burton, Evans, Gregory 1996). Mertons Strain Theory: Economic Goals, Educational Means Delinquency In the history of modern criminology, few theories have realized the impact of Mertons (1983) theory of strain and deviance. It has withstood a half-century despite a sizeable amount of literature opposed to its theoretical basis. Disillusionment with its empirical verification, on the other hand, has caused many to discard it as a possible explanation for delinquency (Hirschi, 1969; Johnson, 1979; Kornhauser, 1978). In view of the fact that the strain theory incorporates both mental and structural account for crime, its dismissal would be a critical loss to criminology. Together with reservations about the significance of social class in the birth of crime, the denial of Mertons theory of structurally induced strain could create a typical shift toward theories of individual behavior lacking structural context. The historical significance and unique contribution of strain theory deserves a re-examination before its final rejection. Mertons original explanation of strain was criticized for its theoretical uncertainty (Cohen, 1955; Lindesmith Gagnon, 1964). For instance, Merton gave examples of deviance perhaps linked with different methods of adjustment although he did not offer any statements regarding the methods by which each adaptive method might impact various crime results (Clinard, 1964a). The consequences of this type of vagueness are apparent in trials for the research of strain impacts on juvenile delinquency. The theory appears to mean that innovation causes utilitarian kinds of delinquency although does not state whether strain clarifies common kinds of juvenile crime for example sabotage or personal crimes of a non-utilitarian character (Gibbons Jones, 1975; Thio, 1975). The theory is implied as to whether strain should foresee crime prevalence or frequency or both, or critical against non-critical types. Akers operationalization of Agnews theory: Sources of strain Akers (2000) has operationalized Agnews version of the Strain Theory, as follows: Failure to achieve positively valued goals: the gap between expectations and actual achievements will derive from short- and long-term personal goals, and some of those goals will never be realized because of unavoidable circumstances including both inherent weaknesses and opportunities blocked by others; and the difference between the view of what a person believes the outcome should be and what actually results increases personal disappointment. Frustration is not necessarily due to any outside interference with valued goals, but a direct effect on anger, and has indirect effects on serious crime and aggression. Agnew and White (1992) have produced empirical evidence suggesting that general strain theory was positively able to relate delinquents and drug users, and that the strongest effect on the delinquents studied was the delinquency of their peers. They were interested in drug use because it did not appear to represent an attempt to direct anger or escape pain, but is used prim arily to manage the negative affect caused by strain. Up to this stage, strain theory had been related with types of strain as opposed to sources of strain while the stress of ones surroundings can be shown to involve with the expectations of just and fair results. These may be major events or minor hassles that build up and discourage over time. Frustration causes disappointment, bitterness, and anger all the emotions normally linked with strain in criminology. It is normal for persons to feel pain when they are refused fair compensations for their efforts, especially when measured against the endeavors and compensations given to others for similar results. Agnew (1992) deals with anger as the most decisive emotion as it is almost always aimed outwards and is generally linked to breakdowns in relationships. Study shows that the stress/crime relationship seems to hold regardless of guilt emotions, age, and capacity to deal with when events take place simultaneously or in close sequence. Robert Agnew In 1992, Agnew maintained that strain theory could be fundamental in describing crime and deviance, however that it required review so that it was not attached to social class or cultural standards; however, re-focused on self standards. He mapped out a general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal; however, emotional and motivated on an individuals direct social status. He claimed that an individuals concrete or anticipated failure to realize positively valued objectives, actual or expected removal of positive values, and actual or anticipated presentation of negative motivation all results in strain. Strain appears from negative relationships with others. If persons are not dealt in the way that they anticipate or want to be dealt, they will lose their trust in the role others play for achieving goals. Anger and disappointment support unconstructive relationships. This will generally involve more one-sided action since there will be an innate wish to avoid unwanted rejections, supporting more general isolation. If specific rejections are general feelings that the situation is unjust or unfair, stronger and more negative feelings may inspire the person to engage in crime. This is especially true for younger people, and Agnew proposed that study concentrate on the overall , currency, duration, and grouping of such stressful events to find out whether a person deal with strain in a criminal or compliant way. He especially found temperament, intelligence, factors interpersonal skills, relationship with criminal peers and conservative social support important factors of self-efficacy. Robert Dubin Dubin (1959) judged deviance as a task of society, disputing the hypothesis that the deviant action resulting from circumstances of anomie is essentially damaging to society. For instance, a person in the ritualistic environment is still playing by the regulations and contributing to society. The only deviance lies in discarding one or more of its prescribed objectives. Dubin maintained that Mertons concentration on the interactions between societys stressed objectives, and institutionalized agreed methods was insufficient. Dubin thought an added difference should be made between cultural objectives, organizational methods and organizational standards since individuals identify standards individually, explaining them and operating them in a different way. The individual educational skills, principles, and behaviors may influence a person to internalize a norm one way. Another individual with different experiences may justifiably internalize in a different way. Both may be doing realistically in their own terms; however, the behavior is different. Dubin also expanded Mertons classification to fourteen, with particular focus in Innovation and Ritualism. Merton put forward that the new response to strain was linking the objective, although discarding the organizing agreed methods of realizing the objective. The connotation appeared to be that not only did the person discard the methods, he must vigorously innovate unlawful methods as a replacement which would not always be correct. Dubin also believed that a difference should be made between the real behavior of the individual and the principles that pushed the behavior. Rather than Innovation, Dubin put forward Behavioral Innovation and Value Innovation. Likewise, in Ritualism, he put forward Behavioral Ritualism and Value Ritualism (Dubin, 1959). Merton (1959) remarked on Dubins changes, claiming that although Dubin did make suitable contributions, they took the motivations off of deviancy. Operationalizing Strain for Juveniles Merton termed strain as an individuals response to a dysfunction between objectives and accessibility to the socially accepted methods for their achievement. Mertons original writings (1938; 1957) appear to spell out clearly that economic wealth is a principal goal in the meritocratic society and that education is the conservative ways for realizing wealth. At present, for instance, a college degree is usually considered as a minimum requirement for entry to a good job or professional job. Strain would be possible when a person is firmly dedicated to making much wealth nevertheless considers college as outside attainment. It is thought that structurally induced strain amongst juveniles would be considered correctly as the dysfunction between economic objectives and hopes for finishing college. On the contrary, the preferential operationalization of strain in delinquency researches has been the difference between educational aims and hopes. The argument for using this evaluation is that job expectations are less helpful as objectives for juveniles since these expectations are too far removed from their conscious concerns (Agnew, 1986, 1984; Elliott, Huizinga, Ageton, 1985). This normally used measure deviates considerably from Mertons theory. If strain is redefined completely in the field of education, the educational methods in Mertons original theory become both objectives and methods, and the central theoretical significance of economic objectives is lost. The basis for this version of strain for juveniles is challenging. Although juveniles may have trouble in thinking about future jobs, their financial aspirations may be strong and clear. For both hypothetical and rational motives, as a result, juvenile strain is a product of the dysfunction between economic objectives and educational prospects rather than as a dysfunction between educational aims and prospects. Conclusion In 1969, Hirschi proposed within a control outlook that high expectations to customary objectives performed as limitations on delinquency (1969) and that the calculation of a measure of strain would not enhance the descriptive competence of dedication alone. As against the strain position that high expectations in the presence of low expectations raise the chances of delinquency, Hirschi (1969) presumed that the (negative) relation between aspirations and delinquency (supportive of control theory) does not reverse when expectations are held constant. His assessment using educational expectations showed that while higher goals reduced the chance of delinquency in his sample, differences in educational expectations are not significant in the causation of delinquency for two reasons: few boys in the sample have expectations considerably beyond their expectations; and those boys whose expectations far exceed their expectations are at no greater risk to be delinquent than those boys whose expectations are the same (1969). More researches by Liska (1971) with several data sets strengthened Hirschis result. Similar to Hirschi, Liska computed juvenile strain as the dysfunction between educational expectations and reported results showing that Mertons stress proposition might be interpreted more simply by dedication or control theory. Therefore the most overwhelming criticism of strain theory relates to its noticeable failure in empirical research, mainly its failure in relation to control theory (Johnson, 1979; Kornhauser, 1978). In contrast, the majority of the studies supporting such results ignored the importance of economic success objectives in creating strain (Bernard, 1984). Hirschi recognized the possible value of income expectations in testing control and strain proposals (1969). His and Liskas denial of strain theory, though, depended on the assessment of objectives and methods as educational expectations Is EC Law Compatible with Parliamentary Sovereignty? Is EC Law Compatible with Parliamentary Sovereignty? Is the primacy of EC law over inconsistent UK statutes compatible with the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty? The notion of Parliament as the supreme law-making body in the UK is a long-standing shibboleth of the British constitution[1]. Acts of Parliament have traditionally been deemed to be the highest form of law in the UK, and the courts were denied the authority to challenge them[2]. In 1972, however, the signing of the Treaty of Rome brought the UK within the scope of EC law[3]. The European Court of Justice has emphasised the primacy of EC law over the national law of its member states[4] and national courts are expected to recognise this. The British courts’ apparent capitulation[5] might suggest that Parliamentary sovereignty has now been usurped by the primacy of EC law. If true, this would be a major upheaval in our constitutional framework. However, on a closer analysis it seems that accession to the EC has had a less revolutionary effect on the British constitution than was initially feared. This paper will consider the relationship between these two seemingly irreconcilable doctrines and examine the question of whether they are capable of co-existence. Parliamentary Sovereignty Parliamentary sovereignty has a lengthy history in British constitutional law[6]. The definitive analysis was provided by Albert Dicey in the late 19th Century in his text Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution[7]. Essentially, the principle provides that Parliament is the highest law-making authority in the UK. It â€Å"has the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.†[8] Dicey expands on this assertion to emphasise that Parliament was competent to pass laws on any subject[9]. The only thing that it could not do is bind its successors[10]. Furthermore, the courts lack the authority to challenge any statute that has been enacted using the correct procedure[11]. Primacy of EC Law Britain acceded to the European Communities in 1973, with the signing of the Treaty of Rome. EC law was given effect in Britain through the enactment of the European Communities Act 1972, which gave direct effect and application to EC law[12]. Article 10 of the Treaty of Rome, as amended, states that there is a duty on all member states to comply with Community law and not to impede its application and the European Court of Justice has vociferously emphasised its expectation that EC law will prevail where it conflicts with the domestic law of member states[13]. In Costa, for example, the ECJ states that â€Å"the precedence of Community law is confirmed by Art 189 (now 249) EC, whereby a regulation â€Å"shall be binding† and directly applicable in all Member States†[14]. In other words, EC law takes primacy over domestic law. The British courts have since demonstrated their willingness to comply with this instruction[15]. In Factortame No. 2[16], for example, Lord Bridge stated that â€Å"under the 1972 Act, it has always been clear that it was the duty of a UK court when delivering final judgment to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable Community law.†[17] Conflict between the doctrines The potential for conflict here is self-evident. The courts cannot serve two masters but, as long as these two competing doctrines co-exist, this effectively appears to be what they are being asked to do. On the one hand, Parliamentary sovereignty dictates that the courts have no right to question an Act of Parliament. On the other, EC law, which declares itself to be supreme, expects national courts to declare Acts of Parliament invalid to the extent that they are inconsistent with EC Law. On a practical level, it appears that the primacy of EC law has overwhelmed Parliamentary Sovereignty. The UK courts have grown more comfortable with applying EC law where it conflicts with UK statutes and EC law has become an accepted part of the British legal system. As Munro points out, however, it is important to remember that Parliamentary sovereignty is a legal doctrine[18]. It is not concerned with the political or practical effects of accession upon the authority of Parliament, but with whether, legally speaking, parliamentary sovereignty is preserved[19]. This is an important consideration. In cases that followed the enactment of the 1972 Act, Lord Denning attempted to reconcile the apparently conflicting norms[20]. He argued that, although EC law was treated by the courts as prevailing over conflicting domestic law, EC law was only offered this status on the basis of an Act of Parliament, the 1972 Act. As the 1972 Act has no greater status than any other parliamentary statute, it could be repealed by an express provision in a subsequent Act of Parliament. The legal concept of Parliamentary sovereignty is therefore preserved.[21] The 1972 is not presented as being in any way superior to a normal Act of Parliament[22]. Indeed, during the ministerial discussions that preceded the passing of the Act it was acknowledged that any attempt to do so could readily be overturned by a subsequent Parliament[23]. Of course, the doctrine of implied repeal cannot operate in respect of the 1972 Act since it is not considered to be overridden by subsequent contradictory enactments. As Munro points out, however, this is a characteristic shared by other legislation and does not necessarily threaten the sovereignty of Parliament[24]. Ward believes that parliamentary sovereignty is an archaic legal fiction that ignores political realities and serves no purpose in a modern setting shaped by the twin influences of globalisation and decentralisation of power[25]. He considers that we would be best served by abandoning the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty in favour of a â€Å"new constitutional order†[26]. However, even he acknowledges that, on the legal plane at least, the concept of Parliamentary sovereignty undoubtedly continues to exist alongside EC law[27]. Conclusion As Munro has argued, is important to distinguish the legal concept of Parliamentary sovereignty from a political or pragmatic interpretation of the term. While it may be that repeal of the 1972 Act and withdrawal from the EC would be impossible in real terms, Parliament retains the legal option to do this. Therefore, it is theoretically possible to reconcile the apparently conflicting doctrines within our constitutional framework. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barnett, H.A. Constitutional and Administrative Law (Cavendish: London) 2004 Bradley, A. â€Å"The Sovereignty of Parliament – Form or Substance?† in Jowell, J. and Oliver, D. The Changing Constitution (Oxford University Press: Oxford) 2004 Dicey, A.V. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Macmillan Education: Basingstoke) 1959 Goldsworthy, J.D. The Sovereignty of Parliament: History and Philosophy (Oxford University Press: Oxford) 1999 Munro, C. Studies in Constitutional Law (Butterworths: London) 1999 Ward, I. A Critical Introduction to European Law (Butterworths: London) 1996 Ward, I. The Margins of European Law (Macmillan Education: Basingstoke) 1996 Algemene Transport en Expeditie Onderneming Van Gend en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] C.M.L.R. 105 Costa v. Ente Nazionale per lEnergia Elettrica (ENEL) [1968] C.M.L.R. 267 McCarthys Ltd v Smith (1979) 3 All ER 325 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p. Factortame Ltd (No. 2) [1991] 1 A.C. 603 (HL) 1 Footnotes [1] See generally Goldsworthy, J.D. The Sovereignty of Parliament: History and Philosophy (Oxford University Press: Oxford) 1999 [2] Bradley, A. â€Å"The Sovereignty of Parliament – Form or Substance?† in Jowell, J. and Oliver, D. The Changing Constitution (Oxford University Press: Oxford) 2004 (hereinafter â€Å"Bradley†) at 28 [3] Barnett, H.A. Constitutional and Administrative Law (Cavendish: London) 2004 (hereinafter â€Å"Barnett†) at 192 [4]Ibid [5] Bradley supra note 2 at 46 [6] See e.g. Munro, C. Studies in Constitutional Law (Butterworths: London) 1999 (hereinafter â€Å"Munro†) at 127 [7] Dicey, A.V. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Macmillan Education: Basingstoke) 1959 (hereinafter â€Å"Dicey†) [8] Dicey supra note 7 at 39 [9] Ibid [10] Dicey supra note 7 at 44 [11] Dicey supra note 7 at 45 [12] Munro supra note 6 at 201 [13] See e.g. Algemene Transport en Expeditie Onderneming Van Gend en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] C.M.L.R. 105 (hereinafter â€Å"Van Gend en Loos†) and Costa v. Ente Nazionale per lEnergia Elettrica (ENEL) [1968] C.M.L.R. 267 (hereinafter â€Å"Costa†) [14] Costa supra note 13 at 271 [15] Bradley supra note 2 at 46 [16] R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p. Factortame Ltd (No. 2) [1991] 1 A.C. 603 (HL) (hereinafter â€Å"Factortame†) [17] Factortame supra note 16 at 659 [18] Munro supra note 6 at 206 [19] Ibid [20] Ward, I. The Margins of European Law (Macmillan Education: Basingstoke) 1996 (hereinafter â€Å"Margins†) at 76 [21] See e.g. McCarthys Ltd v Smith (1979) 3 All ER 325 [22] Munro supra note 6 at 204 [23] Bradley supra note 2 at 47 [24] Munro supra note 6 at 207 [25] Margins supra note 7 at Chapter 4 [26] Margins supra note 7 at 82 [27] Margins supra note 7 at 85